Endocrinology and Metabolism

Soo Lim (Lim S)

13 Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Based Therapies: A New Horizon in Obesity Management: Jang Won Son, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):206-221. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1940

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Obesity is a significant risk factor for health issues like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It often proves resistant to traditional lifestyle interventions, prompting a need for more precise therapeutic strategies. This has led to a focus on signaling pathways and neuroendocrine mechanisms to develop targeted obesity treatments. Recent developments in obesity management have been revolutionized by introducing novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based drugs, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide. These drugs are part of an emerging class of nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapeutics, acting as incretin mimetics to target G-protein–coupled receptors like GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon. These receptors are vital in regulating body fat and energy balance. The development of multiagonists, including GLP-1–glucagon and GIP–GLP-1–glucagon receptor agonists, especially with the potential for glucagon receptor activation, marks a significant advancement in the field. This review covers the development and clinical efficacy of various GLP-1-based therapeutics, exploring the challenges and future directions in obesity management.

Calcium & Bone Metabolism
Comparison of Two DXA Systems, Hologic Horizon W and GE Lunar Prodigy, for Assessing Body Composition in Healthy Korean Adults: Seung Shin Park, Soo Lim, Hoyoun Kim, Kyoung Min Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1219-1231. Published online December 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1274

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Background
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most widely used method for evaluating muscle masses. The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between muscle mass values assessed by two different DXA systems.
Methods
Forty healthy participants (20 men, 20 women; age range, 23 to 71 years) were enrolled. Total and regional body compositional values for fat and lean masses were measured consecutively with two DXA machines, Hologic Horizon and GE Lunar Prodigy. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was calculated as the sum of the lean mass of four limbs.
Results
In both sexes, the ALM values measured by the GE Lunar Prodigy (24.8±4.3 kg in men, 15.8±2.9 kg in women) were significantly higher than those assessed by Hologic Horizon (23.0±4.0 kg in men, 14.8±3.2 kg in women). Furthermore, BMI values or body fat (%), either extremely higher or lower levels, contributed greater differences between two systems. Bland-Altman analyses revealed a significant bias between ALM values assessed by the two systems. Linear regression analyses were performed to develop equations to adjust for systematic differences (men: Horizon ALM [kg]=0.915×Lunar Prodigy ALM [kg]+0.322, R²=0.956; women: Horizon ALM [kg]=1.066×Lunar Prodigy ALM [kg]–2.064, R²=0.952).
Conclusion
Although measurements of body composition including muscle mass by the two DXA systems correlated strongly, significant differences were observed. Calibration equations should enable mutual conversion between different DXA systems.

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Total and regional appendicular skeletal muscle mass prediction from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition models
Cassidy McCarthy, Grant M. Tinsley, Anja Bosy-Westphal, Manfred J. Müller, John Shepherd, Dympna Gallagher, Steven B. Heymsfield
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cross-Calibration of iDXA and pQCT Scanners at Rural and Urban Research Sites in The Gambia, West Africa
Mícheál Ó Breasail, Ramatoulie Janha, Ayse Zengin, Camille Pearse, Landing Jarjou, Ann Prentice, Kate A. Ward
Calcified Tissue International.2023; 112(5): 573. CrossRef
Estimation of Absolute and Relative Body Fat Content Using Noninvasive Surrogates: Can DXA Be Bypassed?
David J. Greenblatt, Christopher D. Bruno, Jerold S. Harmatz, Bess Dawson‐Hughes, Qingchen Zhang, Chunhui Li, Christina R. Chow
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Combination on the Atherosclerosis-Related Process in a Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model: Jin Hee Kim, Gha Young Lee, Hyo Jin Maeng, Hoyoun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyoung Min Kim, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):157-170. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.781

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Background
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues regulate glucose homeostasis and have anti-inflammatory properties, but cause gastrointestinal side effects. The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism that has poor pharmacokinetic properties, including a short half-life. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the effect of a low-dose combination of a GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 on atherosclerosis-related molecular pathways.
Methods
C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 30 weeks followed by an atherogenic diet for 10 weeks and were divided into four groups: control (saline), liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg/day), FGF21 (5 mg/kg/day), and low-dose combination treatment with liraglutide (0.1 mg/kg/day) and FGF21 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (n=6/group) for 6 weeks. The effects of each treatment on various atherogenesisrelated pathways were assessed.
Results
Liraglutide, FGF21, and their low-dose combination significantly reduced atheromatous plaque in aorta, decreased weight, glucose, and leptin levels, and increased adiponectin levels. The combination treatment upregulated the hepatic uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and Akt1 mRNAs compared with controls. Matric mentalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were downregulated and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were upregulated in liver of the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups. The combination therapy also significantly decreased the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Caspase-3 was increased, whereas MMP-9, ICAM-1, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups.
Conclusion
Administration of a low-dose GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 combination exerts beneficial effects on critical pathways related to atherosclerosis, suggesting the synergism of the two compounds.

Citations

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Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials
Zara Siu Wa Chui, Qing Shen, Aimin Xu
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Design and pharmaceutical evaluation of bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Xianlong Ye, Yingli Chen, Jianying Qi, Shenglong Zhu, Yuanyuan Wu, Jingjing Xiong, Fei Hu, Zhimou Guo, Xinmiao Liang
European Journal of Pharmacology.2023; 952: 175811. CrossRef
Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maria Paula Carbonetti, Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira, David Majerowicz
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the potential mechanism of Simiao Yongan decoction in the treatment of diabetic peripheral vascular disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology
Fang Cao, Yongkang Zhang, Yuan Zong, Xia Feng, Junlin Deng, Yuzhen Wang, Yemin Cao
Medicine.2023; 102(52): e36762. CrossRef
The Healing Capability of Clove Flower Extract (CFE) in Streptozotocin-Induced (STZ-Induced) Diabetic Rat Wounds Infected with Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Rewaa Ali, Tarek Khamis, Gamal Enan, Gamal El-Didamony, Basel Sitohy, Gamal Abdel-Fattah
Molecules.2022; 27(7): 2270. CrossRef
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Atherosclerosis: Explaining Their Pathophysiology, Association and the Role of Incretin-Based Drugs
Eleftheria Galatou, Elena Mourelatou, Sophia Hatziantoniou, Ioannis S. Vizirianakis
Antioxidants.2022; 11(6): 1060. CrossRef
Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Combination for the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes
Jang Won Son
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 57. CrossRef
Effects of fasting on skeletal muscles and body fat of adult and old C57BL/6J mice
Mindaugas Kvedaras, Petras Minderis, Leonardo Cesanelli, Agne Cekanauskaite, Aivaras Ratkevicius
Experimental Gerontology.2021; 152: 111474. CrossRef
The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications and Related Epigenetic Mechanisms
Mengjie Xiao, Yufeng Tang, Shudong Wang, Jie Wang, Jie Wang, Yuanfang Guo, Jingjing Zhang, Junlian Gu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Liraglutide Decreases Liver Fat Content and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Newly Diagnosed Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Xinyue Li, Xiaojuan Wu, Yumei Jia, Jing Fu, Lin Zhang, Tao Jiang, Jia Liu, Guang Wang, Claudia Cardoso
Journal of Diabetes Research.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Differential importance of endothelial and hematopoietic cell GLP-1Rs for cardiometabolic versus hepatic actions of semaglutide
Brent A. McLean, Chi Kin Wong, Kiran Deep Kaur, Randy J. Seeley, Daniel J. Drucker
JCI Insight.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical Study
Glycemic Efficacy and Metabolic Consequences of an Empagliflozin Add-on versus Conventional Dose-Increasing Strategy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Metformin and Sulfonylurea: Yujin Shin, Ji Hye Moon, Ho Jun Chin, Ele Ferrannini, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):329-338. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.329

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Background
We assessed the glucose-lowering efficacy of adding empagliflozin versus dose escalating existing medications in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods
This was a 6-month retrospective case-control study in subjects with uncontrolled T2D (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] >7%) on conventional treatment. The study group started add-on therapy with empagliflozin (10 mg once a day) while the control group was up-titrated with existing medication, using either monotherapy or a combination of metformin, sulfonylurea, and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. The primary endpoints included changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-hour postprandial glucose (PP2) levels. Secondary outcomes included changes in body composition, body mass index (BMI), and serum ketone bodies, and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose.
Results
After treatment, the reduction in HbA1c was significantly greater in the empagliflozin group than in controls (from 8.6%±1.6% to 7.6%±1.5% vs. 8.5%±1.1% to 8.1%±1.1%; P<0.01). Similar patterns were found in FPG and PP2 levels. Empagliflozin decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and abdominal visceral fat area decreased significantly while lean body mass was maintained. Total ketones, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels increased significantly after empagliflozin.
Conclusion
In addition to glucose lowering, an empagliflozin add-on regimen decreased blood pressure and body fat, and improved metabolic profiles significantly. Empagliflozin add-on is superior to dose escalation in patients with T2D who have inadequate glycemic control on standard medications.

Citations

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Independent association of thigh muscle fat density with vascular events in Korean adults
Hun Jee Choe, Won Chang, Matthias Blüher, Steven B. Heymsfield, Soo Lim
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, Empagliflozin, is associated with significant reduction in weight, body mass index, fasting glucose, and A1c levels in Type 2 diabetic patients with established coronary heart disease: the SUPER GATE study
Satilmis Bilgin, Ozge Kurtkulagi, Tuba Taslamacioglu Duman, Burcin Meryem Atak Tel, Gizem Kahveci, Murat Kiran, Eray Erge, Gulali Aktas
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -).2022; 191(4): 1647. CrossRef
A randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of empagliflozin on triglycerides in obese adults: Role of visceral fat
Min Hee Lee, Ian J. Neeland, Natalia de Albuquerque Rocha, Connor Hughes, Craig R. Malloy, Eunsook S. Jin
Metabolism Open.2022; 13: 100161. CrossRef
Initial combination of metformin, sitagliptin, and empagliflozin in drug‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: Safety and metabolic effects
Soo Lim, Minji Sohn, Yujin Shin, Ele Ferrannini
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2022; 24(4): 757. CrossRef
Correlation of dynamic membrane fluctuations in red blood cells with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risks
Minji Sohn, Ji Eun Lee, MinGeun Ahn, YongKeun Park, Soo Lim
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison betweeen dapagliflozin add-on therapy and insulin dose escalation in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes treated with insulin: DVI study
Yujin Shin, Haeri Choi, Soo Lim
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2021; 175: 108843. CrossRef
Impact of COVID-19 and Associated Preventive Measures on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in South Korea
Minji Sohn, Bo Kyung Koo, Ho Il Yoon, Kyoung-Ho Song, Eu Suk Kim, Hong Bin Kim, Soo Lim
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2021; 30(3): 248. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Effect of Lactobacillus sakei, a Probiotic Derived from Kimchi, on Body Fat in Koreans with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Study: Soo Lim, Ji Hye Moon, Chol Min Shin, Dahye Jeong, Bongjoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):425-434. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.425

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Background
The increased prevalence of obesity has led to increases in the prevalence of chronic diseases worldwide. There is interest whether probiotics have an effect on obesity, but the effectiveness and safety of only a few probiotics for the treatment of obesity have been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ingestion of Lactobacillus sakei (CJLS03) derived from kimchi causes weight loss in people with obesity.
Methods
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial involved 114 adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² who were assigned randomly to a CJLS03 or placebo group. The groups received two allocations of either 5×10⁹ colony-forming units of CJLS03/allocation or the equivalent vehicle for 12 weeks. Demographic and biochemical parameters, and body composition including fat and muscle mass were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. Changes in body fat, weight, and waist circumference were compared between the two treatment groups. Adverse events were monitored during study period.
Results
Body fat mass decreased by 0.2 kg in the CJLS03 group and increased by 0.6 kg in the placebo group (0.8 kg difference, P=0.018). After the 12 weeks, waist circumference was 0.8 cm smaller in the CJLS03 group than in the placebo group (P=0.013). BMI and body weight did not change after the 12 weeks. Adverse events were mild and did not differ between the two groups.
Conclusion
These data suggest that L. sakei (CJLS03) might help people with obesity reduce body fat mass without serious side effects (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03248414).

Citations

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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 64(4): 978. CrossRef
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Zeinab Ghorbani, Asma Kazemi, Theda U.P. Bartolomaeus, Fahimeh Martami, Morvarid Noormohammadi, Arsalan Salari, Ulrike Löber, Heydar Ali Balou, Sofia K. Forslund, Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan
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Konstantinos Prokopidis, Panagiotis Giannos, Richard Kirwan, Theocharis Ispoglou, Francesco Galli, Oliver C. Witard, Konstantinos K. Triantafyllidis, Konstantinos S. Kechagias, Jordi Morwani‐Mangnani, Andrea Ticinesi, Masoud Isanejad
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2023; 14(1): 30. CrossRef
Anti-obesity potential of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 in 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet mice
Kyoung Ok Jang, Jung Seo Choi, Kyeong Hun Choi, Seongjae Kim, Hangeun Kim, Dae Kyun Chung
Heliyon.2023; 9(1): e12926. CrossRef
Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Minji Sohn, Hyeyoung Jung, Woo Shun Lee, Tai Hoon Kim, Soo Lim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 92. CrossRef
Effect of kimchi intake on body weight of general community dwellers: a prospective cohort study
Li-Juan Tan, Ye-Rang Yun, Sung Wook Hong, Sangah Shin
Food & Function.2023; 14(4): 2162. CrossRef
Effects of Probiotics on Intermediate Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Frank Mayta-Tovalino, Carlos Diaz-Arocutipa, Alejandro Piscoya, Adrian V. Hernandez
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Eunhye Song, Lin Ang, Hye Won Lee, Myung-Sunny Kim, You Jin Kim, Daija Jang, Myeong Soo Lee
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Randomized controlled trials reporting the effects of probiotics in individuals with overweight and obesity: A critical review of the interventions and body adiposity parameters
Marcella Rodrigues Guedes, Karine Scanci da Silva Pontes, Maria Inês Barreto Silva, Mario Fritsch Neves, Márcia Regina Simas Torres Klein
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Roles of the gut microbiome in weight management
Rachel N. Carmody, Jordan E. Bisanz
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2023; 21(8): 535. CrossRef
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Małgorzata Moszak, Marta Pelczyńska, Agnieszka Wesołek, Dominika Stenclik, Paweł Bogdański
Nutrition.2023; 116: 112111. CrossRef
Certain Fermented Foods and Their Possible Health Effects with a Focus on Bioactive Compounds and Microorganisms
Gülsüm Deveci, Elif Çelik, Duygu Ağagündüz, Elena Bartkiene, João Miguel F. Rocha, Fatih Özogul
Fermentation.2023; 9(11): 923. CrossRef
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ADJUVANT AND BENEFICIAL PROBIOTIC THERAPY FOR WOMEN HEALTH
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Thyroid
Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Hyperthyroidism Symptom Scale: Jie-Eun Lee, Dong Hwa Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Kyoung Min Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Young Joo Park, Do Joon Park, Hak Chul Jang, Jae Hoon Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):70-78. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.70

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Background

Thyrotoxicosis is a common disease resulting from an excess of thyroid hormones, which affects many organ systems. The clinical symptoms and signs are relatively nonspecific and can vary depending on age, sex, comorbidities, and the duration and cause of the disease. Several symptom rating scales have been developed in an attempt to assess these symptoms objectively and have been applied to diagnosis or to evaluation of the response to treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the hyperthyroidism symptom scale (K-HSS).

Methods

Twenty-eight thyrotoxic patients and 10 healthy subjects completed the K-HSS at baseline and after follow-up at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The correlation between K-HSS scores and thyroid function was analyzed. K-HSS scores were compared between baseline and follow-up in patient and control groups. Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to demonstrate the internal consistency of K-HSS.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 34.7±9.8 years and 13 (34.2%) were men. K-HSS scores demonstrated a significant positive correlation with serum free thyroxine concentration and decreased significantly with improved thyroid function. K-HSS scores were highest in subclinically thyrotoxic subjects, lower in patients who were euthyroid after treatment, and lowest in the control group at follow-up, but these differences were not significant. Cronbach's α coefficient for the K-HSS was 0.86.

Conclusion

The K-HSS is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating symptoms of thyrotoxicosis in Korean patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression on quality of life in thyroid lobectomy patients: interim analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in low- to intermediate-risk thyroid cancer patients (MASTER study)
Ja Kyung Lee, Eu Jeong Ku, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Jae Won Cho, Kyong Yeun Jung, Hyeong Won Yu, Yea Eun Kang, Mijin Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Junsun Ryu, June Young Choi
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Effect of increased levothyroxine dose on depressive mood in older adults undergoing thyroid hormone replacement therapy
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JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2018; 6(7): e159. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Effects of Lobeglitazone, a New Thiazolidinedione, on Osteoblastogenesis and Bone Mineral Density in Mice: Kyoung Min Kim, Hyun-Jin Jin, Seo Yeon Lee, Hyo Jin Maeng, Gha Young Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):389-395. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.389

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Background

Bone strength is impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus despite an increase in bone mineral density (BMD). Thiazolidinedione (TZD), a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonist, promotes adipogenesis, and suppresses osteoblastogenesis. Therefore, its use is associated with an increased risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro and in vivo effects of lobeglitazone, a new TZD, on bone.

Methods

MC3T3E1 and C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured in osteogenic medium and exposed to lobeglitazone (0.1 or 1 µM), rosiglitazone (0.4 µM), or pioglitazone (1 µM) for 10 to 14 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin red staining, and osteoblast marker gene expression were analyzed. For in vivo experiments, 6-month-old C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle, one of two doses of lobeglitazone, rosiglitazone, or pioglitazone. BMD was assessed using a PIXImus2 instrument at the baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

As expected, in vitro experiments showed that ALP activity was suppressed and the mRNA expression of osteoblast marker genes RUNX2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) and osteocalcin was significantly attenuated after rosiglitazone treatment. By contrast, lobeglitazone at either dose did not inhibit these variables. Rosiglitazone-treated mice showed significantly accelerated bone loss for the whole bone and femur, but BMD did not differ significantly between the lobeglitazone-treated and vehicle-treated mice.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that lobeglitazone has no detrimental effects on osteoblast biology and might not induce side effects in the skeletal system.

Citations

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Efficacy and safety of lobeglitazone, a new Thiazolidinedione, as compared to the standard of care in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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A Real-World Study of Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Lobeglitazone in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Jeonghoon Ha, Yejee Lim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Ki-Ho Song, Seung Hyun Ko, Moo Il Kang, Sung Dae Moon, Ki-Hyun Baek
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Clinical Study
Characterization of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes according to Body Mass Index: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2011: Dong-Hwa Lee, Kyong Yeun Jung, Kyeong Seon Park, Kyoung Min Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Lim, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):514-521. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.514

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Background

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korean adults according to body mass index (BMI) and to analyze the association with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2011. A total of 3,370 patients with T2DM were divided into categories according to BMI. We conducted a comparison of the T2DM patient population composition by BMI category between different countries. We investigated the prevalence of awareness, treatment, and target control of T2DM according to BMI.

Results

Patients with T2DM had a higher BMI, and were more likely to have a history of CVD than healthy controls. For Korean adults with T2DM, 8% had BMI ≥30 kg/m². By contrast, the population of patients with T2DM and BMI ≥30 kg/m² was 72% in patients in the USA and 56% in the UK. The rate of recognition, treatment, and control has worsened in parallel with increasing BMI. Even in patients with BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m², the prevalence of CVD or high risk factors for CVD was significantly higher than in patients with BMI 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m² (odds ratio, 2.07).

Conclusion

Korean patients with T2DM had lower BMI than those in Western countries. Higher BMI was associated with lower awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes, and a positive association was observed between CVD or high risk factors for CVD and BMI, even for patients who were overweight but not obese.

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Obesity and Metabolism
Ectopic Fat Assessment Focusing on Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk: Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(1):1-4. Published online March 14, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.1.1

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It is well known that people with high levels of body fat are at higher risk for developing diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders. Since individuals who are slightly overweight, or even individuals of normal weight, can vary in body fat distribution, their metabolic profiles and the degree of association of these profiles with cardiometabolic risk factors may differ. Fat distribution might be more of a predictive factor for cardiorenometabolic risk than obesity itself, which has led researchers to investigate whether ectopic fat accumulation may partially account for the development of cardiorenometabolic disorders. In addition to visceral obesity, fat can accumulate in the liver and muscle, and these intrahepatic and intramuscular lipid stores are associated with insulin resistance and adverse metabolic phenotypes. More recently, pericardial fat, perivascular fat, and perirenal fat were found to be associated with coronary atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney damage, respectively. Thus, regional fat distribution may play a key role in understanding the development of cardiorenometabolic diseases in nonobese people.

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Metabolic Syndrom and Perosixome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma.: Soo Lim, Kyong Soo Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(3):256-266. Published online June 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Determinants of Limb-Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Men and Women Aged over 50 in Rural Area.: Soo Lim, Chan Soo Shin, Ki Sook Kim, Soo Youn Kim, Eun Joo Bang, Eun Kyung Shin, Hye Ran Choi, Moon Ho Chung, Sung Il Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(2):193-205. Published online April 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Many studies have shown a strong inverse relationship between the bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic fractures, with a doubling in the incidence of fractures for each standard deviation reduction in the BMD. Newer peripheral densitometry devices have recently been developed, with the advantages of a low cost and increased portability. In addition, studies focusing on the osteoporosis of rural populations are rare. The authors assessed the factors related with the BMD in rural areas, using peripheral bone densitometry. METHODS: 23 men (68.4+/-9.2[mean age+/-SD] years) and 32 women (63.9+/-8.3 years), living in rural areas, voluntarily participated in this community-based study. The BMD of the distal radius (BMDr) and calcaneus (BMDc) were measured using peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMI, waist to hip ratio, body composition, blood pressure, lipids, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. The sociodemographic characteristics and physical activities were investigated using questionnaires. RESULTS: 21.7% of the men and 34.4% of the women were diagnosed with osteoporosis according to the WHO definition. The BMDr and BMDc were 0.46+/-0.08 and 0.46+/-0.11 and 0.34+/-0.07 and 0.33+/-0.08g/cm2 in the men and women, respectively. In the men, age, BMI, physical activity and smoking were correlated with the BMDr, and age, lean body mass, physical activity, TV watching and smoking with the BMDc. In the women, age, weight and lean body mass were correlated with the BMDr, and age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, lean body mass and year since menopause with the BMDc. From a multiple regression analysis, age and smoking in men, and year since menopause and lean body mass in women, respectively, had independent effects on the BMD. CONCLUSION: In the rural community studied, osteoporosis was as highly prevalent as in urban communities. Of the determinants for the BMD, smoking for men, and lean body mass for women, were modifiable factors. Education for quitting smoking in men, and maintenance of optimal weight in women, are required to prevent osteoporosis in rural areas.

Metabolic Syndrome.: Min Kyong Moon, Young Min Cho, Soo Lim, Kyong Soo Park, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(2):105-119. Published online April 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

The Correlation of Plasma Homocysteine and Mitochondrial DNA Content in Peripheral Blood in Healthy Women.: Soo Lim, Won Shik Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Jong Ho Lee, Mi Ja Yim, Ji Hyun Song, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(2):248-261. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previous reports showed that homocysteine damages mitochondrial gene expression, function and structure. In recent years, homocysteine and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content are reported to relate with insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation of plasma homocysteine level and mitochondrial DNA content in peripheral blood. METHODS: The mtDNA content, homocysteine and insulin resistance parameters were measured in healthy women (n=60). Plasma homocysteine level was measured by ion-exchange chromatography method and the mtDNA content in peripheral blood was measured by real time PCR method using ABI Prism 7700 machine. RESULTS: Significant correlation was found between homocysteine and mtDNA content (r=-0.507, p<0.05). Homocysteine was correlated with age (r=0.397), cholesterol (r=0.327), LDL-cholesterol (r=0.318), apolipoprotein B (r=0.387), HbA1c (r=0.274) positively and folate (r=-0.262), apolipoprotein A1 (r=-0.293), VO2max (r=-0.332) negatively. Mitochondrial DNA content was correlated with age (r=-0.535), BMI (r=-0.397), cholesterol (r=-0.340), LDL-cholesterol (r=-0.319), apolipoprotein B (r=-0.367) negatively and apolipoprotein A1 (r=0.346), lactate (r=0.307), VO2max (r=0.308) positively. All correlations were statistically significant(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, plasma homocysteine level was related with mitochondrial DNA content negatively and these two factors are estimated to be concerned with insulin resistance.

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